ABSTRACT
Background: The development of anthelmintic resistance and the high cost of conventional anthelmintic drugs led to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. In the current study, in- vitro experiments were conducted to determine the possible anthelmintic effects of crude aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the resins of Boswellia serrata and leaves of Aloe barbadensis on adult Indian earthworm (Pheretima posthuma).Methods: Various concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg/ml) of each extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. The activities are well compared with the standard drug Albendazole as a positive control and saline water as negative control.Results: Anthelmintic activity was observed as dose dependent manner. It was found that alcoholic extract exhibited maximum anthelmintic activity at concentration 100 and 150 mg/ml compared to standard drug Albendazole (10mg/ml) while aqueous extract show modest significant activity at concentration 150 mg/ml against worm Pheretima posthuma. All results was statistically analysed by using ‘Dunnett’s test’ one- way ANOVA; the p<0.001 were significant when compared with control and standard group.Conclusions: The present study proves the potential of combination of B. serrata and A. barbadensis as an anthelmintic drugs. Further studies are necessary to isolate and reveal the active compounds and to establish the mechanism of action.
ABSTRACT
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology. A pregnancy may end in a live birth, abortion, or miscarriage, though access to safe abortion care varies globally. Research shows that 10 percent to 15 percent of all singleton births may have started off as twins; often one is lost early in pregnancy in a phenomenon known as "vanishing twin syndrome." Multiple pregnancy occurs when two or more ova are fertilized to form dizygotic (non-identical) twins or a single fertilised egg divides to form monozygotic (identical) twins. In the U.S, about three in every 100 pregnant women give birth to twins or triplets, according to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. And by many accounts, twin pregnancies are on the rise. This review provides a blessful information to understand what happening when expecting twins and also help to cope with pregnancy related complications and give twins the best start in life.